This is an em dash: — It has the approximate width of a capital H. The poor em dash is perhaps the most misunderstood and misused of all punctuation marks. Used well, it adds emphasis and precision to your writing.
This form of punctuation is a newcomer to the world of writing and printing. It’s believed to have originated with the Gutenberg Bible, but it wasn’t widely used until the 1700s. That is short in the writing world; this means it hasn’t been around long enough to have hard-and-fast rules attached to its use.
One Em Dash Rule We Know
The easiest rule about the em dash is that it can be used to indicate an interrupted thought.
“Let’s go to the store—oh, I didn’t notice that you were reading.”
“I had the greatest time at—watch, you’re about to step into a puddle.”
“Yes, I really want to hear your story—oh, hi, Max, did you have a nice time last night?”
In the above examples, no other form of punctuation will work.
Em dashes can also be used for a less extreme form of interruption.
“I was going to the board room—but I changed my mind because the fire alarm went off.”
Unlike in the examples above, the em dash doesn’t mark a complete change of subject. It could also be replaced by a comma.
“I was going to the board room, but I changed my mind because the fire alarm went off.”
Here I prefer the first version because I think of the em dash as a more dramatic form of punctuation, which in this case describes a dramatic event. It’s saying, “Pay attention to this.”
Here’s another example of using the em dash in a dramatic way.
“Pfizer, the largest drug manufacturer, raised prices for 40 drugs—with some increases hitting 9 percent.”
Other Accepted Uses for Em-dashes
The em dash can mark an afterthought, especially when it’s intended to be humorous or ironic.
“I don’t believe in ghosts—except the one in my closet.”
It can connect a series of subjects with a conclusion.
“Yoga, chi kung, tai chi—these are excellent methods of gentle exercise.”
In fairness to other forms of punctuation, you could also write
“Yoga, chi kung, and tai chi are excellent methods of gentle exercise.”
Em dashes can be used to surround a parenthetical set of words.
“The Presidential hopefuls—Biden, Harris, and Hickenlooper—disagree sharply on foreign policy.”
Commas or parentheses could be used here, but they wouldn’t set off the names so distinctly.
“The mayoral candidates, Watkins, Chung, and Patel, disagree sharply on foreign policy.”
“The mayoral candidates (Watkins, Chung, and Patel) disagree sharply on foreign policy.”
Avoid Overuse
Most grammarians agree that this is the biggest danger of em dashes. Keep in mind that they break up a line of thought and can thus lead to choppy and disjointed writing—and reading.
If your paragraph has more than one em dash (or two, in the case of em dashes setting off words, as above), replace them with commas or parentheses.
Remember, above all, that an em dash is best used for dramatic effect. This can highlight your prose. Used too often, it will simply overwhelm it.
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